Dice all vegetables into roughly ½-inch pieces so they cook at the same rate.
Build the Ghee Tadka Base
Heat ghee in a medium pot over medium heat.
Add cumin seeds and wait for them to splutter, about 20–30 seconds.
Add the bay leaf and peppercorns and sizzle for 10 seconds until fragrant.
Add the onion and cook for 3–4 minutes until softened and lightly golden at the edges.
Add garlic and ginger and cook for 1 minute, stirring constantly so they do not catch.
Add Spices and Vegetables
Add turmeric, coriander powder, and cumin powder. Stir into the onion mixture and cook for 30 seconds to toast the spices.
Add the chopped tomato and cook for 2 minutes until it starts to break down.
Add all remaining vegetables and stir to coat in the spiced base.
Pour in the water or vegetable stock and season generously with salt.
Bring to a boil, then reduce to a gentle simmer.
Simmer and Finish
Cover and cook for 15–18 minutes until the potato and carrot are completely tender when pierced with a knife.
Add fresh peas in the last 5 minutes; add frozen peas in the last 2 minutes.
Turn off the heat. Stir in garam masala, a squeeze of lemon juice, and fresh coriander leaves.
Taste and adjust salt. Serve hot.
Notes
Vegan swap: replace ghee with any neutral oil (sunflower, coconut, or avocado oil).Vegetable flexibility: French beans, broccoli, cauliflower, corn, and zucchini all work well. Use whatever is in your fridge.To make thicker: lightly mash some of the cooked potato and carrot directly in the pot, or blend a third of the soup and stir it back in.Instant Pot method: use sauté mode for the tadka and onion, add everything, then cook on high pressure for 5 minutes with a quick release.Add lemon juice off the heat only — lemon added while boiling turns bitter.Storage: store in an airtight container in the refrigerator for up to 3 days. Reheat on the stovetop with a splash of water. Not recommended for freezing once potato is added.